Mass Dental - A Comparison in the middle of the Human and Ruminant Digestive principles
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The Human Digestion:
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The food is taken into the mouth where it is chewed, mixed with saliva which is secreted by glands in the mouth. After mastication a part of food is collected on the tongue. It is then swallowed and the chance to the larynx is closed off by a small flap of tissue called the epiglottis. This flap prevents the food from entering into the respiratory tract. Should some food stray into this tract a reflux performance occurs by coughing to expel the food out.
The food passes from the esophagus into the stomach, contractions of the muscular wall of the stomach ensure supplementary mixing and mechanical disintegration of the food, which at the same time is mixed with the gastric juice secreted by the stomach.
The stomach has a mucous membrane lining and is protected from the gastric juice which contains enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The food is broken down into smaller particles for easier absorption into the bloodstream and the rest of the food passes into the small intestine and duodenum through the pyloric sphincter valve, a muscular ring at the end of the stomach and intestine.
In the small intestine, rhythmic movements of the walls churn up the food and mix it with the digestive juices, which comprise pancreatic and bile juices (The bile is produced by the liver and stored by the gall bladder) supplementary digestion then takes place as the effect of the performance of enzymes gift in these juices.
Absorption of the digestive nutrients takes place generally through the mucus membrane of the small intestine. The rhythmic movements of the intestine force the unabsorbed food, and waste matter excreted from the blood into the large intestine, here the water is absorbed by the walls of the intestine and partially dehydrated material passes to the rectum from which it is excreted from the body through the anus as faeces.
The Alimentary Ruminant System
The name ruminant means " Chewing The Cud" and it's a name given to those mammals of even - toed, cloven hoofed, such as Cattle, Sheep, Goats are ruminants.
Other groups of ruminant - like animals comprise the antelopes, deer, camels, llamas, hippopotamus, sloths and kangaroos.
The ruminant has a stomach consisting of four compartments (camels have three.)
The Rumen:
The food is partly chewed then swallowed and it passes into the first compartment called the rumen. The large stomach has no digestive juices or excretory glands gift and the food is attacked by large numbers of living protozoa, microbes and bacteria which already are gift in the walls of the ruminant stomach. The breakdown of cellulose, which plants are largely composed of takes place in this section of the stomach and the food is regurgitated from time to time into the mouth in small amounts and gradually chewed to a pulp, and when food is swallowed again, it enters a second compartment called the reticulum.
The Reticulum:
This section of the stomach breaks down the cellulose supplementary and passes it to the third compartment called the omasum.
The Omasum:
The omasum contains large leaf - like structures that increases the outside area for efficient water absorption, there the muscles stir and cut it supplementary until it enters the fourth compartment, called the abomasum.
The Abomasum:
"True Stomach" A stomach much like ours. In this organ gastric juice is secreted, it contains hydrochloric acid which kills most of the microbes and begins digesting them and their contents are then absorbed to provide necessary vitamins, minerals and amino acids.
Ruminants have specialized metabolisms due to the proximity of digestive bacteria. Protein needs are supplied by the rumen bacteria which use easy substances urea and inorganic sulphates to design these proteins. This is a major difference in the middle of ruminants and other animals because they furnish their own protein. Protein is a dietary requirement of all other animals.
Teeth:
In most ruminants (Cattle, Sheep, Goats) there is a absence of upper incisors - supplanted by a hard "Dental Pad" well formed even lower incisors. Well industrialized molars and premolars for grist movement is "Lateral". The toothless gap in the middle of incisors and premolars allows the tongue to manipulate the food. Chewing movements acts as a stimuli, leads to increased salivation, particularly on the side on which the chewing is done. In cattle up to 200 litres may be produced in 24 hours. The saliva is rich in bicarbonate, which serves to neutralize the fatty acids produced by fermentation.
Differences:
Ruminants
Specialized tongue and lip for grasping and tearing.
Well industrialized molars and premolars for grinding, movement is "lateral".
In most ruminants upper teeth supplanted by "Dental Pad".
A gap in the middle of premolars and molars allows the tongue to manipulate the food into small amounts prior to swallowing.
Mouth is taken to food.
Complex digestive principles (Four Stomachs).
Regurgitation of cud for chewing at rest, one set of teeth for life, teeth wear flat, with the age.
Protein needs supplied by rumen bacteria.
Herbivores - no meat.
Humans:
Upper and lower teeth movement is "Vertical" Incisors and canine furnish shearing action, used for cutting food, premolars and molars for grist and crushing.
Two sets of teeth - loss through decay and improper nourishment - supplanted by dentures (False Teeth).
Food is taken to mouth.
Digestive principles (one stomach).
Protein is a dietary requirement and is in case,granted by the intake of assorted foods.
Vomiting more tasteless in carnivores and omnivores. Forceful ejection of gastric contents from the mouth.
Variety of foods to gather assorted other nutrients.
Ill health, weather changes, irritability and stress, may have an effect on digestive processes.
Omnivores - meat and plants.
Similarities:
Food, water, and oxygen to withhold life, we want similar nutrients and furnish waste products.
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